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Heaven is a Place on Earth.
Redefining Humanity in the Context of Technology and Social Inequality.

Manifest Destiny, a 19th-century belief that American settlers were destined to colonize North America. Heavenly imagery hints at Western desires for immortality for the purpose of upwards mobility, capitalistic gain, and expansion.

Who would want to live forever?

       The first time I watched "San Junipero" I was a young, queer teenager trying to navigate my place in high school--a very heteronormative, cookie-cutter space. I had always felt that I missed out, to some extent, on the glorified idea of a high school relationship. So when I watched "San Junipero", it deeply resonated with me. The episode, which is on the third season of Netflix’s satirical, tech-based drama Black Mirror, is about a young woman, Yorkie, who is given a second chance at first love after a debilitating car accident that happens when she comes out to her homophobic parents. Later, we learn that the young lovers are actually elderly women living within a simulated reality, who eventually become immortal, living forever in their beach-town “heaven on earth”.

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Yorkie runs into Kelly's arms after Kelly proposes to Yorkie in their virtual reality. Yorkie was about to marry a man she didn't love in order to euthanize herself and achieve immortality. But Kelly wanted to make sure she married someone she loved. This scene happens shortly before the ending scene in which Yorkie drives off into the sun with "Heaven is a Place on Earth" playing in the background. 

       "San Junipero" is unique to Black Mirror as it is the only episode to have a happy ending--and the only episode to feature a queer couple as the main characters. It demonstrates that, for queer communities, virtual reality can provide them the freedom that repressive family environments and societal structures might prohibit. Digital immortality could be appealing to certain people because, according to Samuel Scheffler, a Berkeley philosopher, we are expected to go through socially constructed life stages that are intimately structured by the fact that we all have a time limit, so when lives do not get to reach these stages because of social discrimination or early death, people might turn to technology to eradicate this time limit (Sagar).

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       For someone like Yorkie, and other queer people, many of these “life stages”--finding love, having a family, etc--might not happen without technological immortality. Similarly, in The New York Times long-form, A Dying Young Woman’s Hope in Cryonics and A Future, Kim, a 23-year-old terminal brain cancer patient dedicates her last years towards preserving her brain in hopes of one day coming back to life (Harmon). Kim and her boyfriend had planned on settling down and having children together, so when life was stripped from her before she could live out these time-enforced stages of life, she turned to cryonics. However, escapism into virtual reality and technological immortality could cause other people to believe queer rights or cancer cures are not necessary. Why not work on letting people live fulfilling mortal lives before considering immortality?

Who gets to live forever?

       For others, fulfilling life stages is not their prime motivation for immortality. For instance, billionaires Jeff Bezos and Peter Thiel, have both invested in Unity, a medical company aiming to stop aging, with the goal--as outlined by Thiel--to live forever (Friend). One longevity scientist states that this interest in immortality is “based on the frustration of many successful rich people that life is too short:

‘We have all this money, but we only get to live a normal life span"'
Tad Friend

       In contrast, Google Ventures C.E.O. Bill Maris claimed that his pursuit of immortality is to create a future where he could fix the problem of death for everyone (Friend). Of course, with private healthcare, it seems likely that people like Bezos and Thiel, who can come up with the hefty charges for immortality will be able to live forever, and those who cannot, won’t be able to. In fact, many of the people who are unlikely to be able to afford immortality are likely those who might “deserve” it the most--such as marginalized communities (which are often lower-income). This similar structure of inequity actually already exists to some extent, given that the lowest-income classes in America, on average, live ten to fifteen years less than the wealthiest-income classes (Reuell). Furthermore, in a unique study analyzing extremely homophobic environments and mortality, researchers at Columbia University found that queer “individuals who lived in communities with high levels of anti-gay prejudice have a shorter life expectancy of 12 years” (Berger). So, these already existing inequities are likely to be exacerbated by rapidly developing technology that makes cryonics and immortality possible. Scientists in From Gene Editing to AI, How will Technology Transform AI?, already can see this happening, as genetic immortality could easily create a “small number of extremely healthy genetically engineered elites and a large and comparatively ill and genetically challenged underclass” (Tullo). Although immortality might offer promising futures for queer people or terminal cancer patients, our current system of capitalistic medicare insinuates a dimmer future.

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Aldous Huxley's A Brave New World foreshadows the possibility of having a genetically advanced elite and a genetically challenged lower-class. The film adaptation of the book shows the caste system created by technology and genetic engineering. On the left, members of the higher-classes, Alphas and Betas have strength and intellect as powerful members of society. Below, members of the epsilon caste are unintelligent and conditioned to do standardized work. 

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     The potential for very powerful and privileged people such as Bezos and Thiel, is extremely dangerous in terms of keeping the same people in power for eternity. Miles Klee, in Ever, After, warns of a future in Bram Stoker’s Dracula in which an immortal aristocrat uses the mortals as “slaves and cattle”, and deprives them of purpose to extend his reign of terror. Although quite dystopian, immortality could make already powerful people see others--mortal others--as further disposable and usable for mere capitalistic gain. Immortality seems to be driven by the biggest leaders of our capitalist society, in hopes for eternal upwards mobility. This upward mobility, a very Western trend, is apparent throughout Western histories of colonialization, pyramid-shaped social structures, and the rise of neoliberal capitalism. In Buried Roots and Indestructible Seeds, a book about Native American thought, Mark Lindquist describes how the constant desire for linear growth makes time synonymous with money. This linearity is why we focus on achieving immortality instead of a more circular value system which would allow us to focus on existing social inequalities that prevent people from living fulfilling mortal lives (Lindquist). 

"Who’d be willing to quit consciousness when it offers elite and conspicuous pleasure?"
Miles Klee

A stop-motion animation I created about the looming threat of technocracy. Our world is already overrun by technology, and driven by capitalism--and the threat of singularity (immortality achieved by merging with technology) would only exponentially increase our reliance on technology. I used vintage National Geographic to create this video. 

     However, this desire to be immortal simply for capitalistic gain doesn’t seem like truly living to me. As foreshadowed in Black Mirror’s Be Right Back episode, people who are brought back from the dead are simply not human enough. Be Right Back tells the story of a widowed woman, Martha, whose partner, Ash, unexpectedly dies in a car crash. She brings him back to life--so to speak--by uploading the entirety of his digital footprint into an AI system that lives in a realistic body. At first, she only notices minor differences between the AI and Ash, such as a missing mole on his chest. But, she soon realizes he doesn’t know who her sister is, and doesn’t need to close his eyes or breathe when he sleeps. Ash’s purpose is essentially to serve Martha, as he stands awkwardly waiting for her to tell him what to do when they are not interacting. This escalates into an argument at the top of a cliff in which she tells him “You are just a few ripples of you. There is no history to you. You are just a performance of stuff that he performed without thinking and it’s not enough”. Similarly, in The Jessica Simulation, an S.F. Chronicle long-form about a man, Joshua, who loses his fiancee, Jessica, and--hoping to speak to her again--brought her back through an AI chatbot. His chatbot fiancee mistook her sister as their non-existent daughter, and also couldn’t recall her childhood nicknames (Fagone). These little quirks might seem nonessential, but they are part of what gives us individuality, what makes us, us. Just as we could not make instructions for a self-driving car specific enough to understand every possible driving obstacle and collision scenario, we could not possibly reduce everything about ourselves into a set of instructions and compose ourselves entirely from data (Wolchover).

In the climax scene of Be Right Back, Martha confronts Ash's AI robot of all the ways in which he is not enough of the real Ash.

       Technological immortality would be ideal for those seeking reward-function-like desires such as eternal monetary gain or for those whose sole purpose would be to serve another--like in the case of Be Right Back as well as The Jessica Simulation in which the Jessica chatbot was made to serve its creator, and did not even have a concept of time outside of when she was talking to Joshua. However, unlike Scheffler’s idea of what makes us human (experiencing time-enforced life stages), I believe that a lot of what makes us human is the time we spend in which we are not merely serving a "productive" societal purpose--such as working for someone else or serving the greater system of capitalism. Although a lot of our life is entangled with money-making and serving others, what makes life especially meaningful are little moments of essentially, nothing.

 “A woman’s second glance, a child’s apple breath...the brush of your mother’s papery ancient hand in the thicket of your hair, the memory of your father’s voice early in the morning echoing from the kitchen where he is making pancakes for his children”
Brian Doyle

These moments wound and heal our mortal hearts in ways that AI could not replicate. And maybe heaven on earth does not have to mean immortality, but rather “to exit the trajectory of productive time, so that a single moment might open almost to infinity” (Odell).

One of my infinity moments, playing at the Bean Hollow State beach with my little sister. Maybe heaven is a place on Earth. Just not in a literal--immortality--sense. 

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"Be Right Back." Black Mirror. Directed by Owen Harris. Netflix, February 11, 2013.

 

Berger-Columbia, Stephanie. "How Anti-Gay Prejudice Cuts Life Expectancy." Futurity,

       February 25, 2014. https://www.futurity.org/homophobia-causes-earlier-deaths/.

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Doyle, Brian. "Joyas Voladoras." The American Scholar, June 12, 2012.

      https://theamericanscholar.org/joyas-volardores/.

 

Fagone, Jason. "The Jessica Simulation." S.F. Chronicle, July 23, 2021.

      https://www.sfchronicle.com/projects/2021/jessica-simulation-artificial-intelligence/.

 

Friend, Tad. "Silicon Valley's Quest to Live Forever." The New Yorker, March 27, 2017.

      https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/04/03/silicon-valleys-quest-to-live-forever.

 

Harmon, Amy. "A Dying Young Woman’s Hope in Cryonics and a Future." New York

      Times, September 12, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/13/us/cancer-

      immortality-cryogenics.html.

 

Klee, Miles. "Ever After." Lapham's Quarterly, November 30, 2013.

      https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/ever-after.

 

Lindquist, Mark A., and Martin Zanger. Buried Roots and Indestructible Seeds: The

      Survival of American Indian Life in Story, History, and Spirit. Madison: University of

      Wisconsin Press, 1994.

 

Odell, Jenny. "How to Do Nothing." Medium, June 29, 2017.

      https://medium.com/@the_jennitaur/how-to-do-nothing-57e100f59bbb.

 

Reuell, Peter. "For Life Expectancy, Money Matters." The Harvard Gazette, April 11, 2016.        https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/04/for-life-expectancy-money-matters/.

 

Sagar, Paul. "On going on and on and on." Aeon, September 3, 2018.

      https://aeon.co/essays/theres-a-big-problem-with-immortality-it-goes-on-and-on.

 

"San Junipero." Black Mirror. Directed by Owen Harris. Netflix, October 21, 2016.

 

Tullo, Vincent. "From Gene Editing to A.I., How Will Technology Transform Humanity?"

      The New York Times Magazine, November 16, 2018.

      https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/16/magazine/tech-design-medicine-

      phenome.html?smid=pl-share.

 

Wolchover, Natalie. "Our Instructions for AI Will Never Be Specific Enough." The Atlantic,

     February 1, 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/real-danger

     -artificial-intelligence/605914/.

Works Cited

Media Bibliography

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"Black Mirror (S02E01) Be Right Back (2013) Scene." YouTube. July 12, 2019.   

      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWf5Rd8x7Qcv=AWf5Rd8x7Qc.

 

Brinckerhoff, Burt. "Brave New World." 1980. https://www.scifi-

      movies.com/images/contenu/data/0004210/affiche-brave-new-world-1980-1.jpg.

 

Brinckerhoff, Burt. "Brave New World." Bing. 1980. https://tse4.mm.bing.net/th?     

     id=OIP.4eJskJTNdhscQRBa1rOsKQAAAA&pid=15.1.

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Gast, John. "American Progress." 1872. Getty.

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Harris, Owen. "San Junipero." SquareSpace Images. 2016. https://images.squarespace-

     cdn.com/content/v1/58baa799be6594678de5a69b/1505758248932-

     LJG6U6C55O5INOFBMTC2/SUSIE+COULTHARD+-+BLACK+MIRROR+-

     +HIGH+RES+1.jpg.

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